Total Digestible Nutrient Yield Research Articles

Türkiye'nin Orta Anadolu Bölgesinde Bazı Silajlık Mısır Hibritlerinin Tarımsal ve Besin Profilinin Gözlenmesi

The silage corn (SC) production and yield per area in Turkey have increased over the last decade owing to their high economic importance. The first objective of the current study was to determine the agronomic and nutritive profiles of SC hybrids in the Central Anatolian region of Ankara, Turkey. The other objective was to determine the relationship between silage maturity and corn heat unit (CHU) and growing degree day (GDD) ratings. The current study was set up as a randomized complete block design with three replications. Certified seeds of five dissimilar SC hybrids (cv PL 712, cv TORRO, cv CHAMP, cv MACHA, cv RANGER) (n=5) were established in the field. SC hybrids showed variation among themselves. Differences were also detected in all parameters, except dry matter (DM) content and crude protein (CP) yield. Cv “MACHA” had the highest nutritive profile [CP: 9.60%; acid detergent fiber (ADF): 30.02%; neutral detergent fiber (NDF): 51.62%; acid detergent lignin (ADL): 3.72%; total digestible nutrient (TDN): 62.60%; metabolic energy (ME): 2.34 Mcal kg-1 DM; net energy production (NEp): 1.50 Mcal kg-1 DM]. One of the other hybrids, Cv “CHAMP” had the highest yield components [silage yield: 104.20 t ha-1; dry matter yield: 35.4 t ha-1; TDN yield: 21.10 t ha-1; ME yield: 77880.00 Mcal ha-1; NEp yield: 49914.00 Mcal ha-1]. There was a significant correlation between silage maturity and CHU and GDD ratings [CHUseed (r = 0.84, P= 0.001), CHUsilk (r = 0.90, P

The effect of nitrogen fertility rate and seeding rate on yield, nutritive value and economics of forage corn in a low corn heat unit region of Western Canada

Grazing whole plant forage corn ( Zea mays L.) during winter by gestating beef cows ( Bos taurus ) is an alterative feeding strategy in Saskatchewan, Canada. Seeding rate for target plant population and N fertility rates for grazing corn have been based on grain corn research results. The objectives of this study were to determine seeding rate and N fertility rate effects and interaction on forage corn yield and nutritive value. Trials were conducted over three growing seasons (2016, 2017, and 2018) at six sites: Scott, Lanigan, Melfort, Yorkton, Outlook, and Redvers Saskatchewan, that ranged from 2100 to 2450 corn heat unit (CHU) rating. Three N fertility rates, 112, 168 and 225 kg ha −1 , and 3 seeding rates, 75,000, 100,000 and 125,000 seeds ha −1 , were evaluated with corn hybrids that were adapted to each site. Dry matter (DM) forage yield at the half-milk line stage was determined and samples analyzed by NIRS at a commercial lab for nutritive value. Increased seeding rate from 75,000 to 125,000 seeds ha −1 resulted in increased DM yield by 1.0 ± 0.1 Mg ha −1 and increased total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield while crude protein (CP) and P concentrations decreased. Fiber, TDN, and carbohydrate concentrations were not affected by seeding rate. Increased N fertility from 112 to 225 kg ha −1 resulted in increased DM yield by 0.6 ± 0.1 Mg ha −1 , and increased CP yield, and TDN yield. CP and soluble protein concentrations increased while neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDF- dig ) concentration decreased with increased N fertility. Mineral concentrations also increased with increasing N fertility. There were no seeding rate x N rate interactions for yield or nutritive value. Site-years varied in most yield and nutritive value variables. N rate x site-year interactions were significant for DM yield, CP yield and TDN yield because the effect of N fertility was significant at only one third to one half of the site-years. Cost of production per tonne of DM or TDN increased with increased seeding rate but neither was affected by N fertility rate. Net revenue was reduced from $522 ha −1 to $462 ha −1 by increased seeding rate while there was no effect of N fertility rate on net revenue. Current seeding rate and N fertilizer rates for grazing corn in Saskatchewan will provide producers with the highest net return. • Grazing corn yield increased by 1.0 Mg ha −1 when seeding rate increased. • Increased N fertilizer rate increased yield by 0.6 0 Mg ha −1 . • Seeding rate and N fertility rate affected nutritive value of grazing corn. • Highest net returns of grazing corn occurred at recommended seeding and N rates. • Variation in nutritive value among site-years means feed testing is essential.

Effects of seeding dates on dry matter yield and feed values of whole-crop barley cultivated in a paddy field.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of seeding dates on the yield and feed value of whole-crop barley cultivated in paddy soil. The field experiment was conceived as a randomized block design performed in triplicate with seeding dates of Oct. 19 (T1 as treatment 1), Oct. 26 (T2 as treatment 2), Nov. 2 (T3 as treatment 3), Nov. 9 (T4 as treatment 4), and Nov. 16 (T5 as treatment 5) as treatments. The barley grown in all treatments was harvested on May 21 of the following year. Plant length, fresh yield, dry matter yield, and total digestible nutrient (TDN) yield were higher (p < 0.05) in barley with early seeding dates, whereas crude protein and ether extract were higher (p < 0.05) with late seeding dates. Crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber were highest in the T3 treatment and lowest in the T1 treatment. There was no significant difference between acid detergent fiber and TDN among the different seeding dates. Total mineral contents were higher in the order T1 > T2 > T3 > T4 > T5 (p < 0.05), whereas the total amino acid content increased significantly (p < 0.05) with a delay in seeding date. Free sugar contents (fructose, glucose, and sucrose) were higher with early seeding dates (p < 0.05). Collectively, the results obtained in this study indicate that it is favorable to seed soon after harvesting rice to increase dry matter and TDN yields and mineral and free sugar contents of whole-crop barley in the midlands of Korea.

Yield and Quality of Forages in a Triple Cropping System in Southern Kyushu, Japan

A triple cropping system, combining spring maize, pearl millet, and twice-cut blast disease resistant Italian ryegrass, was examined for the 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 growing seasons to achieve quality herbage production in Miyazaki, southern Kyushu, Japan. The growth of the three crops reached to harvest, even though typhoon and heavy rainfall occurred. Annual dry matter (DM) yield of the triple crops was 4098 g m−2 and 4349 g m−2 in the first and second cropping seasons, respectively. The observed total digestible nutrients (TDN) were higher in spring maize (up to 68.2% and 76.8%), pearl millet (up to 60.0% and 67.9%), and Italian ryegrass (up to 71.6% and 68.6%), during the first and second season, respectively, leading to an annual TDN yield of 2357 g m−2 and 2938 g m−2. The results suggest that the present established triple cropping system is feasible for obtaining high yields with more digestible nutrients in the forages.

Evaluating different interrow distance between corn and soybean for optimum growth, production and nutritive value of intercropped forages

BackgroundMaize fodder is being used as staple feed for livestock but it lacks protein and essential amino acids; lysine and tryptophan. Intercropping maize with leguminous soybean crop is promising technique under limited land resources of South Korea but it can only give considerable advantages when adequate distance is provided between corn and soybean rows. Main aim of present study was to find-out adequate distance between corn and soybean seeding rows for optimum growth, yield and nutritive value of intercropped forage.MethodsDifferent interrow distances between corn and soybean were evaluated under four treatments, viz. 1) Corn sole as positive control treatment 2) Zero cm between corn and soybean (control); 2) Five cm between corn and soybean; 3) 10 cm between corn and soybean, with three replicates under randomized block design.ResultsFindings depicted that height and number of corn stalks and ears were similar (P > 0.05) among different treatments. Numerically average corn ear height was decreased at zero cm distance. Dry matter percentage in all components; corn stalk, corn ear and soybean was also found not different (P > 0.05) but dry matter yield in component of corn ear was lower (P < 0.05) at zero cm distance as compared to that of 5 and 10 cm interrow distances. In case of nutritive value, total digestible nutrient yield in intercropped corn was also found lower (P < 0.05) at zero cm distance than that of 5 and 10 cm interrow distances between corn and soybean seeding rows. Substantial decrease in dry matter yield of maize ear at zero cm distance might be attributed to factor of closed interrow spacing which made interplant competition more intensified for light interception, necessary for photosynthetic activity. Lower dry matter yield in ear also reduced total digestible nutrients in intercropped maize because it was determining factor in calculation of digestible nutrients. The optimum yield and nutritive value of forage at wider interrow distance i.e. 5 cm between corn and soybean might be due to adequate interseed distance.ConclusionConclusively, pattern of corn and soybean seeding in rows at 5 cm distance was found suitable which provided adequate interrow distance to maintain enough mutual cooperation and decreased competition between both species for optimum production performance and nutritive value of intercropped forage.

Triple Cropping Systems of Spring Maize, Tropical Grass of Teff (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Eragrostis tef&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) and Winter Cereal Crops to Combine Total Digestible Nutrient Yield with Protein Concentration in Southern Kyushu, Japan

It is ordinarily common for forage production in southern Kyushu to adopt a double cropping system, composed of summer forage crops (e.g. maize and sorghum) cultivated from late March to early September, and winter grass crops (e.g. Italian ryegrass (IR) and oat) from mid-October to the following May. However, if high total digestible nutrient (TDN) production is aimed to introduce winter cereal crops (e.g. wheat and barley) as a replacement of IR, it is necessary to cultivate tropical grass, which has a rapid-growth potential with high crude protein (CP) concentration in a switching period between summer and winter crops. In this study, teff (Eragrostis tef) was tried to evaluate as a candidate crop in the switching period. Yield and quality of two types of triple forage cropping system were determined under maize-teff-barley and maize-teff-wheat in the first and second year, respectively. Compared with the normal year, summer temperature was higher and summer and winter precipitations were lower in the first year, while no climatic disorder was observed in the second year. Even though dry matter yield of teff was minimal in the present system due to weed damage, CP concentration was the highest among crops and TDN yields of the present cropping system tended to be higher in the second year with no drought stress than in the conventional maize-IR system in the region.

Influences of leguminous tree species, Albizia julibrissin Durazz. on growth and feed component characteristics of cool‐season grass, Dactylis glomerata L. beneath the canopy in Japan's temperate zone

AbstractTo evaluate the capacity of the deciduous leguminous tree, Albizia julibrissin Durazz. as a fertilizing or shading tree for cool‐season grasses, I investigated its effects on the quantitative and qualitative growth performance of Dactylis glomerata L. from germinated seedlings to adult plants, and on the changes in vegetation under no fertilization conditions in Japan's temperate zone. Height, yield and nutritional contents of D. glomerata beneath and beyond the canopies were compared over 4 years. The plant height and dry matter yield were higher beneath the canopy than beyond the canopy for both the first and the second crops. The nutrient differences between the two locations were larger for the second crop than the first crop. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) and crude protein (CP) were higher beneath the canopy and fibrous components were conversely higher beyond the canopy for the second crop. The TDN yield and CP yield were higher beneath the canopy for both the crops. Weed invasion was suppressed beneath the canopy. These results suggest that the growth of D. glomerata was promoted beneath the canopy of A. julibrissin and that the environment beneath the canopy was more suitable for the cool‐season grass D. glomerata in Japan's hot summers. This is the first demonstration showing the possibility of sustainable grassland production using the deciduous leguminous tree, A. julibrissin and D. glomerata in the cool temperate zone.

White clover living mulch reduces the need for phosphorus fertilizer application to corn

Abstract White clover living mulch (LM) increases the uptake of phosphorus (P) and the yield of the main crop by promoting the colonization of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM). However, the extent to which the P fertilizer application rate can be reduced by using LM is not yet known. This study aimed to address this question. Two field experiments were conducted from 2008 to 2009 (Experiment 1) and from 2009 to 2010 (Experiment 2) at the fields where the available P of soil fluctuated near the lower limit of the optimum P level (43.6 mg kg −1 : Truog method). Experiment 1 had a randomized block design, and Experiment 2 had a split-plot design with a factorial arrangement of two cropping systems (LM and no LM) with three P application treatments (0 kg ha −1 , 43.6 kg ha −1 , and 87.3 kg ha −1 ). LM increased P concentrations in the early stages of growth and the yield of corn. This can be attributed to the increased AM colonization rate in the early stages of growth. The yield and total digestible nutrient yield of corn in LM with no P application was comparable to the maximum yield in no LM with or without P application. Therefore, LM could make unnecessary P fertilization in soils where P fertilization is required for silage corn.

Comparison of Agronomic Characteristics, Forage Production and Quality of Kenaf (Hongma 300), Maize (Kwangpyeongok) and Sorghum × Sudangrass Hybrids (Jumbo) in Middle Region of Korea

Tae-Young Hwang*, Hee Chung Ji, Ki Yong Kim, Sang-Hoon Lee, Ki-Won Lee and Gi Jun ChoiNational Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Chenonan, Chungcheongnamdo 331-801, KoreaABSTRACTThis study was conducted from 2013 to 2014 in the middle region of Korea to compare the agronomic characteristics, forage production, and quality of kenaf, maize, and a sorghum×sudangrass hybrid. The three crops used in this study were kenaf “Hongma 300,” maize “Kwangpyeongok,” and the sorghum×sudangrass hybrid “Jumbo”(headless type). The sugar contents of the kenaf, maize, and sorghum×sudangrass hybrid were 5.4%, 4.4%, and 2.5%, respectively. The emergence rates and lodgings of the three crops were sound, as they were more than 80% and 1.5, respectively. The fresh yields of kenaf, maize, and the sorghum× sudangrass hybrid were 117,521 kg/ha, 73,336kg/ha, and 133,334 kg/ha, respectively, and the dry matter(DM) yields were 28,598kg/ha, 19,951 kg/ha and 20,083 kg/ha, respectively. The DM yield of kenaf was significantly the highest among the three crops(p 0.05). However, the total digestible nutrients(TDN) contents of the kenaf, corn, and sorghum×sudangrass hybrid were 43.3 %, 72.0 %, and 54.8 %, respectively, and the in vitro digestible dry matter(IVDDM) yields were 44.4%, 73.7%, and 59.6 %, respectively; therefore, the TDN yield of the corn was 13 % significantly higher than that of the kenaf(p0.05). The TDN yields of the kenaf, corn, and sorghum×sudangrass hybrid were 12,472kg/ha, 14,350kg/ha, and 11,001kg/ha, respectively. Among the three crops, the content of neutral detergent fiber(NDF) and acid detergent fiber(ADF) were highest in the kenaf. This study shows that the kenaf had a good forage productivity but a low forage quality.(Key words :Kenaf, Dry matter, Forage production, Total digestible nutrients yield, Quality)

Effect of Seeding Method and Pre-emergence Herbicides on Plant Growth and the Production of Sorghum × Sudangrass Hybrid

Jeong Sung Jung, Ki-Won Lee, Ki Choon Choi, Hee Jung Ji, Hyung Soo Park, Won Ho Kim, Young-Jin Kim,Sang Hak Lee and Sang-Hoon Lee*National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 330-801, KoreaABSTRACTThe following experiments were used to evaluate the effect of seeding method and pre-emergence herbicides on weed control and the production of the sorghum×sudangrass[sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrid under field and in vitro conditions. Under the in vitro condition, we evaluated how different kinds of herbicides affect the rate of seed germination and the growth of early seedlings in the sorghum×sudangrass hybrid treated with herbicides. Simazine, alachlor, and methabenzthiazuron were used, and their concentration levels were 0%, 40%, 70%, and 100%. The germination ratio of the seeds was reduced by the application of simazine, methabenzthiazuron, and alachlor compared with the control(distilled water). The alachlor application severely decreased the sorghum germination ratio. However, seed germination was not greatly influenced by the concentration level of the herbicides. Root and shoot length were increased in the following order: control>simazine>methabenzthiazuron>alachlor. Overall, alachlor significantly reduced root length more than shoot length. The differential tolerance of the sorghum×sudangrass hybrid to pre-emergence herbicides by seeding method was then tested under the field condition. The plants were severely injured by the alachlor application, leading to a great reduction in the number of stems. However, for the simazine and methabenzthiazuron applications the number of stems lost was slightly lower than it was for the alachlor and simazine+alachlor applications. In the seeding method, drilling was more effective in reducing herbicide injury than broadcasting. All of the herbicides effectively controlled weeds. The simazine and methabenzthiazuron applications showed a significantly higher dry matter(DM) yield. However, the alachlor and simazine+alachlor applications severely reduced the DM yield. This result suggests that the alachlor application has a significant effect on plant production. Similarly, the total digestible nutrient(TDN) yield was greatly reduced by the alachlor and simazine+alachlor applications. From the results presented above, we concluded that the yield of DM was the highest for broadcasting with no herbicide. and drilling was the most-effective way to reduce herbicide injury. The simazine application was the most-effective herbicide, showing the highest forage yield and TDN yield.(Key words :Pre-mergence herbicide, Sorghum×sudangrass hybrid, Seeding method, Production, Plant growth)

Effects of Liquid Pig Manure Application Level on Growth Characteristics, Yield, and Feed Value of Whole Crop Barley at Reclaimed Tidal Land in Southwestern Korea

This study was conducted to investigate liquid pig manure (LPM) application rates on the growth characteristics, yield, and feed value of whole crop barley in Yeongsangang and Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land. Electronic conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), and available phosphate (Av. P₂O 5 ) increased in chemical properties of Yeongsangang and Saemangeum soil as raising LPM application level. As increasing LPM application level, exchangeable Na+ significantly increased in Yeongsangang, while exchangeable K+ significantly increased in Saemangeum. Plant height was not significantly different from LPM 100% to LPM 200% in Yeongsangang and in Saemangeum. Dry matter yield of whole crop barley increased steadily, but crop yield of LPM 200% in Yeongsangang (10.5 ton ha -1 ) was as much as that of LPM 150% (10.0 ton ha -1 ). Yield of LPM 200% (11.2 ton ha -1 ) in Saemangeum was similar to that of LPM 150% (10.5 ton ha -1 ). Crude protein (CP) increased depending on LPM application level, but total digestible nutrients (TDN) increased regardless of LPM application level. LPM 200% was the highest in TDN yield (Yeongsangang: 7.4 ton ha -1 , Saemangeum: 6.9 ton ha -1 ), but there was no statistical difference between LPM 150% (Yeongsangang: 6.9 ton ha -1 , Saemangeum: 6.6 ton ha -1 ) and LPM 200%. From the results described above, optimum rate of LPM for cultivating whole crop barley is considered 100% in Yeongsangang reclaimed tidal land and 150% in Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land, showing that the effect of LPM application is better in Segmentation than that in Yeongsangang for yield of whole crop barley.

내한 다수성 추파 조사료용 총체 귀리 신품종 '다한'

'다한'은 추위에 강해 충청지역에서도 월동이 가능하면서 수량이 많은 귀리 품종 개발을 목표로 2011년 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서 육성되었다. 잡종은 1999년에 Sprinter/73625의 <TEX>$F_1$</TEX>을 모본, 귀리26호를 부본으로 인공교배하여 작성되었으며, 집단 및 계통 선발에 의해 내한성이 강하고 초형이 우수한 'SO99027-GB-B-113-4-4-3' 계통을 선발하였다. 이 계통은 2005년부터 2008년까지 4개년에 걸쳐 생산력검정시험을 실시하였으며, 내한성이 강하고 수량이 많아 '귀리75호'로 계통 이름을 부여하고 2009년부터 2011년까지 3년간 충남 예산, 전북 김제와 익산, 제주 등 4개 지역에서 지역적응시험을 실시하였다. 이 계통은 2011년 11월 신품종으로 선정되었으며, 그 특성은 다음과 같다. 귀리 신품종 '다한'은 중간 크기의 농록색 잎, 황백색 줄기, 황갈색의 종실을 가졌다. 출수기는 전국 평균 5월 13일로 표준품종인 '삼한'과 비슷하였으며, 내한성은 '삼한'과 대등하였고, 도복에 강하였다. 건물수량은 ha당 평균 15.6톤으로 14.1톤인 '삼한'에 비해 11% 많았다. '다한'의 조단백질 함량은 8.4 %로 '삼한'의 9.9 %에 비해 다소 낮았으나 TDN은 60.8 %, TDN 수량은 ha당 9.5톤으로 59.3 %와 8.4톤인 '삼한'보다 높았다. '다한'의 적응지역은 1월 최저평균기온이 <TEX>$-7^{\circ}C$</TEX> 이상인 지역이면 전국 어느 곳에서나 재배가 가능하다. 'Dahan' (Avena sativa L.), a winter oat cultivar for forage use, was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, National Institute Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA) in 2011. It was derived from an original cross between <TEX>$F_1$</TEX>[Sprinter/73625] and 'Gwiri26'. Subsequent generations followed by the cross were handled in bulk and pedigree selection programs at Suwon. A line, 'SO99027-GB-B-113-4-4-3', was selected for cold tolerance and good agronomic characteristics and as a line name of 'Gwiri75'. The line 'Gwiri75' was subsequently evaluated for cold tolerance and forage yield during 3 years in four region such as Yesan, Iksan, Kimjae, and Jeju, from 2009 to 2011 and finally named as 'Dahan'. Though similar in heading date to the check cultivar Samhan, 'Dahan' had tall plant length and lodging resistance. It's average forage dry matter yield harvested at milk-ripe stage was 15.6 ton <TEX>$ha^{-1}$</TEX>, compared with 14.1 ton <TEX>$ha^{-1}$</TEX> of check cultivar. Cultivar 'Dahan' was lower to the check cultivar 'Samhan' in protein content (8.4% and 9.9%, respectively), while it was superior to the check cultivar in total digestible nutrients (TDN) (60.8% and 59.3%, respectively), and in TDN yield <TEX>$ha^{-1}$</TEX> (9.5 ton and 8.4 ton, respectively). Fall sowing of 'Dahan' is recommended only in the areas where daily minimum mean temperatures are averaged higher than <TEX>$-7^{\circ}C$</TEX> in January, and excluded in mountain area where frost damage is presumable.

Yield and nutritive value response to row spacing and cultivar in forage rice

Although the forage rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar ‘Ruriaoba’ has very high dry matter (DM) yield, it readily lodges after heading because of its high plant height. As a result, seed production and conventional cultivation of ‘Ruriaoba’ are very difficult. To improve this situation, we examined the effects of cultivar (‘Ruriaoba’ or ‘Tachiaoba’) and row spacing (30 [30–30–30–30] cm, 45 [30–30–30–45] cm, or 60 [30–30–30–60] cm) on the yield and nutritive value of forage rice. The lodging score of ‘Tachiaoba’ did not differ among row spacings but that of ‘Ruriaoba’ decreased with increasing row spacing. ‘Ruriaoba’ had lower grain yield than ‘Tachiaoba’. Among its components, ‘Ruriaoba’ had fewer spikelets per m2, fewer spikelets per panicle and lower 1000-grain weight than ‘Tachiaoba’. ‘Ruriaoba’ had fewer grains per m2 than ‘Tachiaoba’. Grain yield and its components did not differ among row spacings, nor did the number of grains per m2. Thus, ‘Ruriaoba’ planted at 60-cm row spacing may not decrease the grain yield and number of grains without lodging. This type of low-density planting of ‘Ruriaoba’ may be useful for seed production. At heading and yellow ripe stages, ‘Ruriaoba’ had higher DM yield than ‘Tachiaoba’ because ‘Ruriaoba’ had higher number of panicles than ‘Tachiaoba’. Furthermore, ‘Ruriaoba’ had higher total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield than ‘Tachiaoba’. At heading, DM yield decreased with increasing row spacing because the number of panicles decreased with increasing row spacing. Total digestible nutrients yield was lower at 45- and 60-cm row spacings than at 30-cm row spacing. However, at heading and yellow ripe, ‘Ruriaoba’ planted at 60-cm row spacing had DM and TDN yields similar to those of ‘Tachiaoba’ planted at 30-cm row spacing. Such low-density planting of ‘Ruriaoba’ may be an option for forage rice production.

파종기에 따른 사료용 피의 생육, 수량 및 사료가치에 관한 연구

본 연구는 생태형을 달리한 사료용 피를 이용해서 파종기를 5월 1일부터 10일 간격으로 6회 파종하여 생육, 사료 수량 및 사료가치를 경기도 수원 지방에서 검토한 내용은 다음과 같다. 조생종 피의 초장은 파종기가 늦어질수록 작아졌고, 수장은 파종기에 따른 변화가 크지 않았다. 조생종피의 조사료 건물수량은 파종기가 늦어질수록 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 중부지방에서 조생종 피의 최대 건물수량을 얻기 위해서는 5월 1일까지는 파종기를 빨리하는 것이 유리하며, 안전한 조사료 수량을 얻기 위해서는 6월 1일 이전에 파종해야 하는 것으로 나타났다. 만생종 피의 초장은 파종기가 빠르거나, 너무 늦어지면 짧아지는 경향을 보였고, 수장 역시 초장과 같은 경향을 보였다. 만생종 피의 조사료 건물수량은 파종기가 빠르거나, 너무 늦은 경우 감소하는 결과를 보였다. 따라서 만생종의 경우에 최대수량을 얻기 위해서는 5월 21일경에 파종을 하고, 안정된 수량을 얻기 위해서는 6월 1일 이전에 파종을 해야 한다. 조생종 피는 빨리 파종할수록 조사료 수량이 높아지고, 만생종 피는 5월 21일경에 파종할 때 가장 수량이 높아 두 생태형 간의 차이를 보였으나, 절대적 수량은 만생종 피가 어느 파종기에서나 조생종 피에 비해 수량이 높아 실제 재배적 측면에서는 만생종 피를 선택하는 것이 유리한 것으로 나타났다. 조생종 피의 조단백 함량은 파종기가 늦을수록 증가하는 경향이었으나, ADF 함량과 NDF 함량은 파종기의 차이에 따른 변화가 적었다. 만생종 피의 조단백 함량도 파종기가 늦어질수록 증가하였으며 ADF 함량과 NDF 함량의 경우에는 조생종 피의 경우와 같은 경향을 보였다. TDN 수량은 조사료 건물수량과 동일한 경향을 보여 조생종 피는 파종기가 빠를수록, 만생종 피는 5월 21일경의 파종에서 가장 수량이 높아 적정 파종기로 판단되며, 두 생태형 모두 6월 1일 이전까지는 파종을 해야 안정적 수량을 얻을 수 있다. 동계 조사료작물을 도입한 작부체계에서는 동계작물의 종류에 따라 연중 최대생산을 얻을 수 있는 하계 사료피의 생태형과 파종기를 선택해야 할 것이다. 따라서 이러한 하계사료피+동계사료작물의 작부체계 구축에 파종기별 사료피의 수량성과 사료품질 특성은 유용한 정보가 될 수 있을 것이다. These experiments are being conducted to obtain data of plant height, panicle length, heading date, number of culm, and fresh and dry weight, crude protein, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrients (TDN) by six times seeding of 10 days interval ranging from May 1st to June 21st for two types of barnyard millet from the Suwon area in Korea. In the early-heading type, IT 170609 (Echinochloa crus-galli), the plant height and the number of culm per square meters are decreased by late seeding relatively, and heading date is 7 to 10 days earlier than the late seeding. And the dry weight of forage is rapidly decreased after the June 11th seeding. In the late-heading type, IT 195422 (Echinochloa frumentacea), the plant height and the number of culm per square meters are also decreased by late seeding relatively, and heading date is about 13 days earlier than late seeding. The dry weight of forage was rapidly decreased after the June 11th seeding. In both two types, the nutritive value of ADF, NDF, and TDN are not changed by late seeding, but crude protein is increased by late seeding. The TDN yields of late-heading type, IT 195400, show average amounts in the June 1st seeding, but the TDN yield of early-heading type, IT 170606, indicate safety amounts of dry weight to the March 21st seeding. And these data are available for cropping systems, cultivating barnyard millet in summer and cereals for forage in winter, to get high production of forage in Korea.

출수형태와 BMR이 수수×수단그라스 교잡종의 생육특성, 생산성 및 품질에 미치는 영향

본 시험은 수수<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>수단그라스 교잡종 품종의 생육특성, 사초수량 및 품질을 비교하기 위하여 2009년 경북 성주와 충남 천안에서 수행하였다. 시험구 배치는 8처리 3반복의 난괴법 배치로 하였다. 시험구의 처리는 품종으로 하였으며, 공시한 품종은 'Sordan79', 'SX17', 'Honey chew', 'Honey grazer', 'G7', 'Jumbo', 'Green star' 및 'GT56'를 공시하였다. 2지역 모두에서 출수형 4품종은 출수를 하였다. 그 외 생육특성에서는 품종 간에 차이가 없었으나 출수형과 BMR 품종이 다른 품종보다 당도가 높았다. 건물률 및 초장은 출수형이 비출수형 보다 높았다. 생초수량, 건물수량 및 TDN 수량도 출수형이 비출수형 보다 높았고 BMR 품종은 다른 품종보다 적었다. 조단백질과 조회분 함량은 출수형 품종이 비출수형 품종보다 많았으나 비섬유성탄수화물(NFC)은 상반된 결과를 보였다. BMR 품종의 ADF 및 NFC 함량은 다른 폼종 보다 작았다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 출수형이 비출수형에 비하여 사초 생산성이 우수하고, 품질은 비출수형과 BMR 품종이 우수한 경향을 보였다. 그리고 BMR 품종은 당도가 높고 ADF 함량이 낮아 사초 품질 이 우수한 것으로 판단되었다. This experiment was carried out to compare the agronomic characteristics, forage yield and quality of sorghum <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> sudangrass hybrid at two locations (Sungju and Cheonan) in 2009. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The eight recommended hybrids used in this experiment were 'Sordan 79', 'SX17', 'Honey chew', 'Honey grazer', 'G7', 'Jumbo', 'Green star' and 'GT56' hybrids. The heading of four hybrids were headed at both region, Sungju and Cheonan. There are no big differences in general agronomic characteristics among hybrids, but brix scale of heading and BMR (brown mid rib) types were higher than those of other hybrids. Dry matter (DM) and plant height of heading type hybrids were higher than those of headless types. The fresh, DM and TDN (total digestible nutrients) yields of heading type hybrids were also higher than those of headless types, and BMR types were lower than others. The crude protein and crude ash contents of headless hybrids were higher than those of heading hybrids, while its non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) content showed the opposite results. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) and NFC contents of BMR types were lower than others. The results of this experiment indicates that heading hybrids were more higher than headless hybrids in the agronomics and forage yield of sorghum <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> sudangrass. However heading types were lower headless types in quality of sorghum <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> sudangrass. And BMR hybrids were also high quality of sorghum <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> sudangrass hybrid because of higher brix content and lower ADF content among tested hybrids.

생태형이 다른 귀리품종의 파종기별 조사료 생산성 및 사료가치

Most oats are used for livestock feed in the world. This experiment was conducted at Iksan city of Korea from 2007 to 2008. The objective of this study was to select eminent oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars with high-yielding and a quality for forage adaptable in each planting seasons. Experimental design was split-plot design with three replications. A split plot design was used with seeding date on the main plots and other treatments fully randomized in sub-plots. A factorial arrangement of treatments included three different ecotypes cultivars, winter type (Sanmhan, Donghan and Chohan), summer type (High-speed, Darkhorse, and Swan), and naked oats near to spring type (Daeyang, Choyang, and Sunyang) and twelve seeding dates (twice a month from March to November). Plant height, dry matter yield, and percent TDN was significantly affected by seeding dates, cultivars, and the interaction of cultivars seeding dates. There was a decrease in plant height, dry matter yield, and percent total digestible nutrients (TDN) as seeding was delayed from early March to late June and it also from early September to early November. The winter type oat cultivars such as Samhan, Donghan, and Chohan adapted to fall seeding and early summer harvest, while summer type cultivars such as High-speed, Darkhorse, and Swan showed high productivity either to summer seeding and mid-fall harvest or to spring seeding and early summer harvest. Naked type cultivars, Choyang and Daeyang, showed high forage yield by spring and summer seeding except for fall seeding because of cold damage. Summer type oat cultivars such as High-speed, Darkhorse, and Swan can supplement high forage production in spring. TDN yield showd the most at seeding in October 10 (780 kg ), followed at seeding in March 23 (627 kg ).

유기질비료 시용과 두과 사료작물의 혼파에 따른 청보리와 호밀의 생산성과 단위면적당 한우 사육능력 추정

본 실험에서는 2008년부터 2010년까지 월동 작물로 재배되는 청보리와 호밀에 화학비료, 유기질비료 및 가축분뇨의 시용 그리고 콩과작물의 혼파재배가 작물의 생산성과 사료가치에 주는 효과를 토양의 지력향상과 함께 양질의 조사료를 확보하여 단위면적당 한우 사육 능력을 높일 수 있는 방법을 찾아내고자 무비구, 화학비료 PK시비구, 화학비료 NPK 시비구, 유기질비료 시용구, 액상우분뇨 시용구, 액상우분뇨 시용에 헤어리벳치 혼파구 및 액상우분뇨 시용에 청예완두 혼파구 등 7처리 3반복 난괴법으로 배치하여 실험이 실시되었다. 청보리의 연간 건물과 가소화양분총량 (TDN) 수량은 화학비료 NPK 시비구 (각각 6.14와 3.97 ton/ha)가 가장 높았으나 (p<0.05), 유기질 비료구 (각각 5.24와 3.37 ton/ha), 액상우분뇨 (각각 5.53과 3.63 ton/ha) 및 콩과 혼파구 (각각 5.00~5.15와 3.32~3.33 ton/ha)와 유의적 차이는 나지 않았다. 청보리의 TDN과 RFV는 액상우분뇨 시용에 청예완두 혼파구가 가장 높았다 (p<0.05). 청보리를 급여 시 한우 암소는 유기질비료, 액상우분뇨 혹은 액상우분뇨 시용에 두과작물 혼파구가 연간 ha당 평균 2.5~2.9두를 사육할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 호밀의 연간 건물, 조단백질 및 TDN 수량은 유기질비료, 액상우분뇨 혹은 액상우분뇨 시용에 두과작물 혼파한 구가 ha 당 각각 6.69~7.13, 0.46~0.51 및 3.95~4.18 ton으로 나타남으로써, 호밀을 급여할 경우 암소는 연간 ha 당 평균 3.1~3.3두 규모의 사육능력이 추정된다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 건물생산성만을 고려해서 화본과 작물을 단파로 재배하는 것보다는 가축의 기호성과 품질의 개선효과까지 고려하여 두과작물 등을 혼파 재배하고 가축분뇨를 시용함으로써 단위면적당 수량과 사료 가치를 높일 수 있으며 한우사양 시에는 단백질 공급원으로 이용되는 수입 곡류 등을 대체하는 효과까지도 기대할 수 있으리라 생각된다. This study was conducted to estimate Hanwoo carrying capacity when whole crop barley or rye as winter forage crops was grown on different applying sources (chemical fertilizer, cattle or organic fertilizer) and mixed sowing combination with hairy vetch or forage pea during the period of 2008~2010. The experimental plots within whole crop barley or rye were consisted of 7 treatments, which were non-fertilizer, chemical fertilizer (P+K), chemical fertilizer (N+P+K), organic fertilizer, cattle slurry, cattle slurry with hairy vetch, and cattle slurry with forage pea. Each plot was triplicates and experimental treatments were allocated in the randomized complete block design. For whole crop barley, annual mean dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields were the highest in N+P+K plots, but there were no significant differences among organic fertilizer, cattle slurry and mixed sowing with legumes. The TDN and RFV were the highest in mixed sowing plots of forage pea plus cattle slurry application. As 450 kg Hanwoo heifers were fed diets included 70% whole crop barley, organic fertilizer, cattle slurry application and mixed sowing with legumes plots is capable of raising average 2.5 to 2.9 heads/ha a year. For whole crop rye, annual DM, crude protein, and TDN yields of application groups and mixed sowing treatment with legumes showed 6.69~7.13, 0.46~0.51 and 3.95~4.18 ton/ha, respectively. In case of 450 kg Hanwoo heifers fed diets included 70% forage rye, it is estimated that cattle slurry application (mixed sowing with legumes) plots can rear average 3.1~3.3 heads/ha a year. It can be concluded that, on the basis of DM yield, not only mixed sowing with legumes by applying cattle slurry rather than single sowing of whole crop barley or whole crop rye enhanced production yield and feed values, but also it could be a substitute for imported grains as dietary protein sources in the case of feeding Hanwoo.

춘파재배시 이탈리안 라이그라스와 귀리의 생육특성 및 생산성 비교

This experiment was carried out to compare the growth characteristics and forage productivity between Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and Oats (Avena sativa L.) sown in early spring on trial field of Grassland and Forages Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan and Jeollanam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju in 2007 and 2008. Varieties used were Swan and Foothill in early- and late-maturing Oats, and Kospeed and Hwasan 101 in early- and late-maturing Italian ryegrass, respectively. In early-maturing variety, heading date of Swan was 14 May that was earlier one day than that of Kospeed. Plant length of Swan was 92cm that was longer 4cm than that of Kospeed. Average dry matter (DM) yield of 3 trial regions was not significantly different between Kospeed (6,809 kg/ha) and Swan (6,756 kg/ha) but DM yield of Italian ryegrass Hwasan 101 was less 35% than that of Swan. Average total digestible nutrient (TDN) yield of 3 trial regions was not significantly different between Kospeed (4,240 kg/ha) and Swan (4,162 kg/ha). In paddy cultivation of Naju, TDN yield of Kospeed was 4,154 kg/ha that was more 45% than that of Swan. Forage feed value was similar Kospeed to Swan in early maturing variety. Considering TDN yield and feed value of forage, early-maturing variety of Italian ryegrass was effective for spring-sown cultivation and suitable for forage production on paddy in southland of Korea. (Key words : Spring-sown cultivation, Forage productivity, Forage quality)

Forage Rice Yield and Quality Response to Harvest Timing and Nitrogen Management

Because forage rice (Oryza sativa L.) must be cost competitive with other forages, high dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) yield are essential. To optimize forage rice production, it is important to maximize nutritional value in the leaf and stem rather than in the panicle because the hull restricts cattle's (Bos taurus) ability to digest rice grain. In particular, it is important to maximize TDN concentration and yield in the leaf sheath plus stem (stem) due to the high proportion of this component in the crop rather than in the leaf blade (leaf). The objective in this study was to evaluate the effects of timing of first harvest [95 or 116 days after transplanting (DAT) (booting or full heading stage, respectively)], N application rate (150 or 300 kg N ha−1), and N application method (100–0N method, applying N at 100 and 0% in the first and second crops, respectively; 67–33N method, applying N at 67 and 33%, respectively; 33–67N method, applying N at 33 and 67%, respectively) on TDN concentration and yield in double‐harvest of forage rice systems in southwestern Japan. With the 100–0N method, stem TDN yield in the second crop was 39 g m−2 lower when the first crop was harvested at 116 DAT than at 95 DAT. However, with the 100–0N and 67–33N methods, stem TDN yield in the first crop was 152 and 163 g m−2 higher when the first crop was harvested at 116 DAT than at 95 DAT, respectively. When the first crop was harvested at 116 DAT, stem TDN yield in the first crop was 152 and 161 g m−2 higher with the 100–0N and 67–33N methods than with the 33–67N method, respectively. In contrast, stem TDN yield in the second crop was 115 and 142 g m−2 higher with the 67–33N and 33–67N methods than with the 100–0N method, respectively. To obtain high stem TDN yield in total of the first and second crops, harvesting the first crop at full heading and applying 300 kg N ha−1 at 67 and 33% in the first crop and second crops, respectively, is effective. Management practices that increase forage quality will help southwestern Japan to be more sufficient in forage production.

Early Planting and Early Nitrogen Application Increase Stem Total Digestible Nutrient Concentration and Yield of Forage Rice in Southwestern Japan

The effects of planting time (early or normal), nitrogen (N) application rate (150 or 225 kg N ha-1), and N application method (early, even, and late application of extra N) on total digestible nutrient (TDN) concentration and yield of forage rice (Oryza sativa L.) in southwestern Japan were examined. For optimal forage rice production, it is important to maximize nutritional level in leaves and stems rather than panicles because the hull restricts cattle’s ability to digest rice grain. In particular, it is important to maximize the TDN in leaf sheath plus stems (stems) which are the major part of the crop rather than leaf blades (leaves). Stem TDN yield was higher with early planting (340 g m-2) than with normal planting (217 g m-2) irrespective of N application rate or method. The high stem TDN yield with early planting resulted from both the high DM yield and the high TDN and organic cellular content (OCC) concentration. Stem TDN yield was not affected by the N application rate. With both early and normal plantings, stem TDN yield was higher with early N application (374 and 226 g m-2, respectively) than with late N application (305 and 208 g m-2, respectively). With early planting, the high stem TDN yield with method 1 resulted from both the high DM yield and the high TDN and OCC concentration. Thus, to obtain high stem TDN concentration and yield of forage rice, early planting and early N application are recommended.